Soda-lime_glass

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Reusable soda-lime glass milk bottles

Old window made from soda-lime flat glass, Jena, Germany. Interesting are the distorted reflections of a tree that give an indication that the flat glass was possibly not made by the float glass process.

Soda-lime glass, also called soda-lime-silica glass, is the most prevalent type of glass, used for windowpanes, and glass containers (bottles and jars) for beverages, food, and some commodity items. Also Pyrex brand kitchen glassware manufactured since 1998 (when the brand was spun off under World Kitchen) is made of soda-lime glass10-K filing, WKI Holding Co., Inc. 8 (2004). Retrieved on 2006-10-22. see also: Pyrex website. (previously, it was made of better quality, thermal shock resistant borosilicate glass).

Soda-lime glass is prepared by melting the raw materials, such as soda, lime, silica, alumina, and small quantities of fining agents (e.g., sodium sulphate, sodium chloride) in a glass furnace at temperatures locally up to 1675°C.B. H. W. S. de Jong, "Glass"; in "Ullmann\'s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry"; 5th edition, vol. A12, VCH Publishers, Weinheim, Germany, 1989, ISBN 3-527-20112-5, p 365-432. The temperature is only limited by the quality of the furnace superstructure material and by the glass composition. Green and brown bottles are obtained from raw materials containing iron oxide. For lowering the price of the raw materials, not pure chemicals are used, but relatively inexpensive minerals such as trona, sand, and feldspar. The mix of raw materials is termed batch.

Soda-lime glass is divided technically into glass used for windows, called float glass or flat glass, and glass for containers, called container glass. Both types differ in the application, production method (float process for windows, blowing and pressing for containers), and chemical composition (see table below). Float glass has a higher magnesium oxide and sodium oxide content as compared to container glass, and a lower silica, calcium oxide, and aluminium oxide content."High temperature glass melt property database for process modeling"; Eds.: Thomas P. Seward III and Terese Vascott; The American Ceramic Society, Westerville, Ohio, 2005, ISBN 1-57498-225-7 From this follows a slightly higher quality of container glass concerning the chemical durability against water (see table), which is required especially for storage of beverages and food.

Typical compositions and properties

The following table lists some physical properties soda-lime glasses. Unless otherwise stated, the glass compositions and many experimentally determined properties are taken from one large study. Those values marked in italic font have been interpolated from sililar glass compositions (see calculation of glass properties) due to the lack of experimental data.

Typical transmission spectrum^{[citation needed]}

Properties	Soda-lime glass for containers	Soda-lime glass for windows
Chemical composition, wt%	74 SiO2, 13 Na2O, 10.5 CaO, 1.3 Al2O3, 0.3 K2O, 0.2 SO3, 0.2 MgO, 0.01 TiO2, 0.04 Fe2O3	73 SiO2, 14 Na2O, 9 CaO, 0.15 Al2O3, 0.03 K2O, 4 MgO, 0.02 TiO2, 0.1 Fe2O3
Viscosity log(η, Pa·s) = A + B / (T in °C - To)	550-1450°C: A = -2.309 B = 3922 To = 291	550-1450°C: A = -2.585 B = 4215 To = 263
Glass transition temperature, Tg, °C	573	564
Coefficient of thermal expansion, ppm/K, ~100-300°C	9	9.5
Density at 20°C, g/cm3	2.52	2.53
Refractive index nD at 20°C	1.518	1.520
Dispersion at 20°C, 104×(nF-nC)	86.7	87.7
Young\'s modulus at 20°C, GPa	72	74
Shear modulus at 20°C, GPa	29.8	29.8
Liquidus temperature, °C	1040	1000
Heat capacity at 20°C, J/(mol·K)	49	48
Surface tension, at ~1300°C, mJ/m2	315
Chemical durability, Hydrolytic class, after ISO 719International Organization for Standardization, Procedure 719 (1985)	3	3...4

Coefficient of Restitution (glass sphere vs. glass wall): 0.97 ± 0.01P. Gondret, et al.: "Bouncing Motion of Spherical Particles in Fluids"; Physics of Fluids, vol. 14, 2002, no. 2, p 643-652.

Thermal Conductivity: 0.937 W·m/m²K^{[citation needed]}

Hardness (Mohs Scale): 6–7^{[citation needed]}

Knoop Hardness: 585 kg/mm2 + 20^{[citation needed]}

See also

• Glass batch calculation

References

v • d • e Glass science topics
Basics	Glass definition · Is glass a liquid or a solid? · Glass-liquid transition · Glass transition temperature · Kauzmann paradox
Glass formulation	AgInSbTe · Antimony glass · Bioglass · Borophosphosilicate glass · Borosilicate glass · Ceramic glaze · Chalcogenide glass · Cobalt glass · Cranberry glass · Crown glass · Flint glass · Fluorosilicate glass · Fused quartz · GeSbTe · Gold ruby glass · Lead glass · Milk glass · Phosphosilicate glass · Photochromic lens glass · Silicate glass · Soda-lime glass · Sodium hexametaphosphate · Soluble glass · Ultra low expansion glass · Vitreous enamel · ZBLAN
Glass-ceramics	Bioactive glass · CorningWare · Glass-ceramic-to-metal seals · Macor · Zerodur
Glass preparation	Annealing · Chemical vapor deposition · Glass batch calculation · Glass forming · Glass melting · Glass modeling · Ion implantation · Liquidus temperature · Sol-gel technique · Viscosity
Optics	Dispersion · Gradient index optics · Hydrogen darkening · Optical amplifier · Optical fiber · Optical lens design · Photochromic lens · Refraction
Surface modification	Anti-reflective coating · Chemically strengthened glass · Corrosion · Dealkalization · DNA microarray · Hydrogen darkening · Insulated glazing · Self-cleaning glass · Sol-gel technique · Toughened glass
Diverse topics	Diffusion · Glass-coated wire · Glass databases · Glass electrode · Glass fiber reinforced concrete · Glass ionomer cement · Glass microspheres · Glass history · Glass-reinforced plastic · Glass science institutes · Radioactive waste vitrification · Windshield

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